Facts about Giza Pyramids

One of the most interesting Giza Pyramids facts is that the Great Pyramid held the record as the tallest structure in the world built by man for almost four thousand years. It was not until the Eifel Tower was built in Paris, France. All Pyramids in Egypt, including those built on the Giza Plateau are situated on the west bank of the River Nile because that is where the sun sets every evening, symbolizing the realm of the dead.

Inside the main chamber of the Great Pyramid lies a granite coffer that is far too large to have fit down the narrow passageway at the entrance. This realization has led historians and archaeological to believe that the Great Pyramid was built around the coffer rather than it being brought inside. The Pyramids of Giza were once covered in a white casting made of glimmering limestone which was so polished that it would reflect the sun rays. The original pyramid with its casing stones would act like gigantic mirrors and reflect light so powerful that it would be visible from the moon as a shining star on Earth.

The size of the Great Pyramid of Giza is enormous measuring 756 feet at its base and 455 feet in height. In fact, the pyramids are so big that can be visible from space on clear days. No other man made structure in the world can boast this incredible fact. The quarry of Aswan, about 525 Miles upriver, was the site for the stone used to make the massive blocks that comprise the pyramid and it has been suggested that there are enough blocks in the three pyramids to build a 10 feet high 1 feet thick wall around France.

Modern Egyptologists now believe that the pyramids were built by thousands of skilled workers rather than slaves. It is known that Pharaon Khufu’s nephew Hemiunu was appointed head of construction for the Great Pyramid and that Khufu provided good food and clothing for his workers. The Great Pyramids of Egypt now stand a full 3 miles south of the spot where they were originally built. That’s how much the earth’s surface has shifted in the last 4500 years. The Great Pyramid’s base is a perfect square and each side of the square measuring 756 feet. The base spans over 13 acres of land and is big enough to accommodate nearly 10 football fields.

200 Years of Cycling

Much to the chagrin of amateur history Claude Reynaud, the 200^th anniversary of the invention of the bicycle is likely to pass by with little pomp or fanfare as millions of pairs of eyes gaze at television screens or from the roadside to watch Chris Froome and his rivals battle for yellow jersey glory.

Billions of people use bicycles, many on a daily basis, and yet few are aware of this important milestone. Reynaud has fought a 50-year battle to defend the memory of the invention of the bicycle. He even houses a museum in its honor at his chateau in Domazan, in the Occitanie region of France. Reynaud said it was on June 12, 1817 that “for the first time, a man took a two-wheeler and went on a road” in the Mannheim region of what was then the Grand Duchy of Baden, now part of Southwest Germany.

Baron Drais’s “velocipede” (nicknamed the ‘dandy horse’) had no petals or a chain and required the rider to propel his “Laufmaschine” (running machine) by pushing off the ground with his feet. But the Baron’s genius was that “he discovered balance on two wheels”. “Like all ingenious inventions, it seems obvious, but someone had to think it. He invented the two-wheeler!”

However, the running machine was far from a resounding success and had its faults, notably proving difficult to control on bumpy surfaces. When Drais organized a demonstration of the velocipede at the Jardin de Luxembourg Park in Paris in 1818, “it was a disaster”. At first, it didn’t work; he couldn’t sell it, people made fun of it. But the idea had taken root and was soon being copied, particularly in France, although many draisines were adorned with horse’s heads. In 1866, Pierre Lallement attached pedals to the draisine and invented a pedal-powered velocipede.

The next stage in the development of bicycle saw a huge front wheel attached with a small rear wheel, but it was a machine that was far from stable and resulted in some spectacular crashes. It wasn’t until 1885 that two similar-sized wheels were attached to the velocipede. After that it was just a case of technical improvements, but all the ideas already existed – brake cables, pedals, chains. The bicycle enjoyed an exponential success, especially from 1890 with the invention of the tyre. Reynaud Chateau de Bosc welcomes 6,000 visitors to its museum but the amateur historian’s greatest regret is that he doesn’t own an original Laufmaschine to put on display.

Book Review – The Ocean of Churn

History is the art of researching facts well and building compelling narratives based on the said facts. Few modern scholars do this better than Sanjeev Sanyal. Asian histories have been rendered in a biased manner since time immemorial. As a famous saying that goes, until an animal has its own history, the history of the hunting will always glorify the hunter. If we take any history curriculum in Indian Education system, we can read leaps and bounds of Mughal Empire, the British regime, the Sultanates and such similar accounts.

Unfortunately, we won’t be able to read the histories of Cholas, Pandyas, Pallavas in greater detail and their glories have been limited to few pages here and there. This book, one of a kind in its genre, breaks that stupor and gives us a riveting account of how the Indian Ocean has shaped the human history. Indian Ocean is itself a big mystery. It holds many unresolved or undiscovered history that is hidden deep into its core. Author Sanjeev Sanyal tried to uncover this in this vast researched and well-articulated book and succeeded in satiating his readers.

The book opens up by a fascinating tale of how the Pallava dynasty has traced an heir to their kingdom when the erstwhile King, Parameshwara Verman II died in 731 CE. A delegation of Brahmin scholars, which travelled across the Indian Ocean to the far ends of Cambodia and got back an heir that traced his roots to the Pallava dynasty from five long generations ago and reign of Nandi Verman II has started.

The Ocean of Churn begins its journey even before the formation of the Indian Ocean. It talks about the super continent called Gondwana that existed more than 270 Million years ago and the mighty Saraswati River and how it dried up due to the tectonic plate shifts, how the Himalaya has been formed, and how the races have been migrated from India to outside world. This book traces the history through the Ocean way. How people set up its civilization, how their trade hub got established, what was their commercial aspects, how they dealt with various traders inside and outside their territory and so on.

From Harappan times, Indians have been trading with the world in many ways. Maritime trading is the major aspect during those times when land routes were hardly discovered. The powerful Chola king, Rajendra Chola made a naval attack on the Sri Vijaya Kingdom of Sumatra by 1025 is one such example. Chola Empire was one of the powerful empires in the entire South Asia region during that time. There were a major geo-political-economic alliances or rivalries between Indians, Chinese and the Sri Vijaya Kingdom.

Kerala being the hub of the maritime trade have witnessed a vast amount of geo-political-economic tradeoffs. As a testimony to those, even today in Kerala, we have the world’s second Mosque and India’s first mosque (Cheraman Perumal Mosque) built by the king Cheraman Perumal by the orders of Mohammed the prophet himself in 629 AD. We also get to see the memorial of St. Thomas (doubting Thomas fame), a disciple of Jesus, who visited Kerala via sea route.

Overall, this book is a well-researched one. It starts right from the origin of India Ocean due to the tectonic plate shifts and ends right at the transformation of Bombay to Mumbai with the reclamation of land over the Ocean. This book is full of rich details of all kingdoms that throve around the Indian Ocean, Indian Coastline and several islands of the Indian Ocean that also had cultural trade ties with India and its kingdoms.

Women’s Tennis after Serena Williams

Who do you expect would square off in the women’s singles final at Wimbledon this year? It’s comparatively easy to predict the men’s final line-up. The top five players of the men’s tour account for 47 of 50 Grand Slam Titles since 2005. In women’s tennis, uncertainty is the dominant theme.

Serena Williams, who has won 72 singles titles, including 23 Grand Slams (a record in open era, starting 1968, and one short of the all-time record held by Margaret Court), has taken a break from the game as she is expecting a child. After Serena, who can be a new star in Tennis? Jelena Ostapenko – 20 year old Latvian won the French Open last month, she became the youngest woman to win a Grand Slam singles title since Maria Sharapova won the Wimbledon in 2004 at the age of 17.

After winning the French Open last year, Garbine Muguruza of Spain played in 19 tournaments till the event this year. Her best performances were three semi-finals finishes. World No.1, Angelique Kerber, won two Grand Slams last year. This year, the German has hardly made any statements. Of the 12 tournaments she has played so far, her best finish was in the Abierto GNP Seguros finals in April. At the French Open, she lost in the first round.

An open race to the No.1 spot could be good news for the rest of the field. World No.2 Simona Halep of Romania, after a slow start this year, Halep was the runner-up at the 2017 French Open. Karolina Pliskova, the world No.3 from the Czech Republic, is another contender for the year-end top ranking, having won four titles so far this year. Still, the field is wide open.

Of the 33 tournaments played this year till 26 June, only Elina Svitolina from Ukraine has won four titles. Three others – Karolina Pliskova, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Johanna Konta – have won two titles each and a staggering 23 women have won a title each this year. The return of Maria Sharapova, Victoria Azerenka from Belarus and Petra Kvitova of the Czech Republic could help the WTA Tour. 

Countries that tried GST before India

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), India’s biggest tax reform since Independence, will unify a $2 Trillion economy into a single market. This big tax overhaul will be a test for India. Not only does the country’s size and diversity make the challenge daunting – 1.3 Billion people, 29 states, 22 official languages – it’s also implementing multiple rates. Here are some countries who had implemented GST are –

Canada – When Canada implemented its goods and services tax in 1991, retailers offered customers “Don’t Blame Me for the GST” stickers amid cash-register snafus and vending machine meltdowns.

Australia – Three years after pledging in 1995 to “never” introduce a GST, Australia PM John Howard reversed his policy for the 1998 election, saying he was seeking a mandate to implement a 10 percent tax on most Goods and Services. He barely won amid a voter backlash, but that narrow victory was enough to legislate a GST that’s been used to fund health care and schools funding for the states. It excludes some politically contentious items such as fresh food, pre-owned real estate, medical and education services. Current PM Malcolm Turnbull toyed with the idea of increasing the tax to 15 percent, but ruled that out in February 2016.

South Korea – Following the introduction of a value added tax in 1977, a game of hide and seek broke out between tax officials implementing the new system and market vendors seeking to avoid taxation, prompting newspaper Dong-A llbo in 1978 to describe the year as a “365-day nightmare”. The day the indirect tax regime applied some taxi drivers thought the new system applied to taxi fares and argued with customers that they need to pay 10 percent more than the price on the meter.

Malaysia – Following the implementation of GST in April 2015, there were reports cash registers weren’t calibrated to deal with the new regime, government agencies weren’t ready and GST refunds were delayed.